Risk characterisation from the presence of environmental contaminants and antibiotic residues in wild and farmed salmon from different FAO zones

Salmon consumption is increasing year by year. Salmon aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system in the world, and often uses feed mixed with antibiotics or other drugs. Feed can be also contaminated by environmental contaminants like persistent organic pollutants and organophosphorus pesticides that usually accumulate in fatty tissue, or emerging contaminants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), that instead bioaccumulate in protein tissues. Therefore, there is the need to investigate the presence of antibiotics and environmental contaminants, with multi-class and multi-residue liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods to monitor a broad spectrum of residues comparing between wild and farmed salmons. The presence of residues was encountered at a concentration range of 0.35–51.52 ng g⁻¹ for antibiotics only in farmed salmon, 0.19–34.51 ng g⁻¹ for PFASs and 0.26–9.01 ng g⁻¹ for (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) PBDEs, and 0.19–5.91 ng g⁻¹ for organochlorine pesticides with higher frequencies and concentrations in farmed fish. Finally, the risk deriving from salmon intake is low, being of minor concern only for PBDE 99 and perfluorooctanoic acid.

三文鱼消费量逐年递增。三文鱼养殖业是全球增速最快的食品生产体系，养殖过程中常使用添加抗生素或其他药物的配合饲料。饲料可能被多种环境污染物污染：一类是通常在脂肪组织中蓄积的持久性有机污染物、有机磷农药；另一类是全氟烷基物质（perfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs）这类新兴污染物，其会在蛋白质组织中发生生物富集。因此，亟需采用多类别多残留液相色谱-高分辨质谱法（liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry）与气相色谱-串联质谱法（gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry），广谱监测各类残留物质，并对比野生与养殖三文鱼的残留水平，以调查抗生素与环境污染物的残留情况。检测结果显示，仅在养殖三文鱼中检出抗生素残留，浓度范围为0.35~51.52 ng g⁻¹；全氟烷基物质残留浓度范围为0.19~34.51 ng g⁻¹，多溴二苯醚（polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs）残留浓度范围为0.26~9.01 ng g⁻¹，有机氯农药残留浓度范围为0.19~5.91 ng g⁻¹；且养殖三文鱼的残留检出频率与浓度均显著高于野生三文鱼。最终，食用三文鱼带来的健康风险整体较低，仅多溴二苯醚99（PBDE 99）与全氟辛酸存在轻微的健康隐患。