Pollinator visitation

We observed pollinator visits to the flowers of P. modesta during peak flowering at each site: early June, early July, and late July at the ridge, slope, and valley sites, respectively. Field observations were conducted during calm and fine periods during daylight hours (9:00 am–3:00 pm). The total observation times were 25 hours per 5 days, 12 hours per 3 days, and 14 hours per 4 days, at the ridge, slope, and valley sites, respectively. On each observation day, we arbitrary set 2 m × 2 m plot and recorded the pollinators and the number of flowers of P. modesta. Pollinators were classified into Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and others during field observations, and major pollinators were collected and identified at the family or species level if possible.我们在各调查样地的盛花期开展了P. modesta花部传粉者访花行为的观测工作，其中山脊、坡地与山谷样地的盛花期分别为6月上旬、7月上旬与7月下旬。野外观测均于日间晴朗无风时段开展，观测时段为每日9:00至15:00。山脊、坡地与山谷样地的总观测时长分别为每5天25小时、每3天12小时与每4天14小时。我们于每个观测日随机划定2m×2m的样方，记录访花传粉者以及P. modesta的花部数量。野外观测期间，我们将传粉者划分为双翅目（Diptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）及其他类群；若条件允许，对优势传粉者进行采集并鉴定至科或物种水平。