Supplementary Material for: Type II muscle fiber capillarization is an important determinant of post-exercise microvascular perfusion in older adults

INTRODUCTION: Microvascular perfusion is essential for post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery to ensure adequate delivery of nutrients and growth factors. This study assessed the relationship between various indices of muscle fiber capillarization and microvascular perfusion assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at rest and during recovery from a bout of resistance exercise in older adults.
METHODS: Sixteen older adults (72±6 y, 5/11 male/female) participated in an experimental test day during which a muscle biopsy was collected from the vastus lateralis and microvascular perfusion was determined by CEUS at rest and at 10 and 40 min following a bout of resistance exercise. Immunohistochemistry was performed on muscle tissue samples to determine various indices of both mixed and fiber type specific muscle fiber capillarization.
RESULTS: Microvascular blood volume at t=10 min was higher compared with rest and t=40 min (27.2±4.7 vs 3.9±4.0 and 7.0±4.9 AU, respectively, both P<0.001). Microvascular blood volume at t=40 min was higher compared with rest (P<0.001). No associations were observed between different indices of mixed muscle fiber capillarization and microvascular blood volume at rest and following exercise. A moderate (r=0.59, P<0.05) and strong (r=0.81, P<0.001) correlation was observed between type II muscle fiber capillary-to-fiber ratio and the microvascular blood volume increase from rest to t=10 and t=40 min, respectively. In addition, type II muscle fiber capillary contacts and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index were strongly correlated with the microvascular blood volume increase from rest to t=40 min (r=0.66, P<0.01 and r=0.64, P<0.01, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Resistance exercise strongly increases microvascular blood volume for at least 40 min after exercise cessation in older adults. This resistance exercise-induced increase in microvascular blood volume is strongly associated with type II muscle fiber capillarization in older adults.