Quantifying diffuse recharge to groundwater systems of the Great Artesian Basin, the NSW coalfields and surrounds

This is a dataset comprising the outputs and metadata for quantifying groundwater recharge in the NSW coalfields (Sydney, Gunnedah and Gloucester basins) and a wider area of study (Sydney basins, Great Artesian Basin groundwater system.)\n\nIn addition to the outputs contained in this dataset, machine learning scripts relevant to upscaling methods have been included. A sub-directory is also included containing relevant metadata records for source data used in the projects. \n\nThe data was produced to fulfil one internal project (EP 2022-2355, Interchange) and two external projects (EP 2022-1381, ACARP; EP 2022-1715, Geoscience Australia)\n\nInterchange - CSIRO Report EP 2022-2355:\nThe work synthesises the outcomes of three projects. The Australian Coal Association project C33037 predominantly covered the Sydney, Gunnedah and Gloucester basins, and is the subject of CSIRO report EP2022-1381 (A. Wilkins et al., 2022). The Geoscience Australia project predominantly covered the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), particularly the intake beds, and is the subject of CSIRO report EP2022-1715 (R. S. Crosbie et al., 2022). CSIRO’s Interchange project funded the remainder of the work, including creating a consistent, novel methodology and tying together results from the other two projects (see below.) \n\nACARP - CSIRO Report EP2022-1381\nThis report presents the results of the research work carried out under the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) project C33037 entitled “Quantifying recharge to groundwater systems in the NSW and Bowen Basin coalfields”. At the project kick-off meeting, it was decided by the monitors and researchers to focus on the NSW coalfields only, so this report discusses results for the Sydney, Gunnedah and Gloucester basins only. The purpose of this project is to estimate the rate of diffuse recharge via rainfall to groundwater systems. The rate of recharge (usually measured in mm/year) is a key ingredient to mines’ environmental impact assessments. \n\nGeoscience Australia - CSIRO Report EP2022-1715\nThis report presents the results of the research work performed under a Geoscience Australia – CSIRO collaboration to calculate diffuse rainfall recharge to the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) groundwater system, with particular focus on the intake beds. \nLineage: 1) Characteristics of the study area:\nAssessment of various features of the study area, including: basin extent, water resources, hydrostratigraphic surface geology, regolith depth, proportion of soil types (sand, silt, clay), topography (MrVBF, elevation), average rainfall, potential and actual evapotranspiration, aridity index, population density, vegetation (NDVI, LAI, vegetation height.)\n\nMany of these features are used to upscale point-scale estimates of recharge obtained in observation boreholes to grids over the whole study area.\n\n2) Methodology:\nThe methods used for this study is similar to the Bioregional Assessments (Russell S. Crosbie, Peeters, Herron, McVicar, & Herr, 2018) and Geological and Bioregional Assessment Projects (Russell S. Crosbie & Rachakonda, 2021) and included three steps:\n\na) Estimate recharge using CMB method\nb) Regression kriging and upscaling\nc) Evaluation and uncertainty

本数据集包含用于量化新南威尔士州（New South Wales, NSW）煤田（悉尼、冈尼达及格洛斯特盆地）及更大范围研究区域（悉尼盆地、大自流盆地（Great Artesian Basin, GAB）地下水系统）地下水补给量的成果数据与元数据。

本数据集除收录上述成果数据外，还包含与尺度上推（upscaling）方法相关的机器学习脚本；此外设有子目录，存储项目所用源数据的相关元数据记录。

本数据集的数据源于一项内部项目（EP 2022-2355，Interchange项目）及两项外部项目：EP 2022-1381（澳大利亚煤炭协会研究计划（Australian Coal Association Research Program, ACARP）项目）、EP 2022-1715（澳大利亚地质调查局项目）。

Interchange项目——澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO）报告EP 2022-2355：本研究整合了三项项目的成果。其中澳大利亚煤炭协会C33037项目主要覆盖悉尼、冈尼达及格洛斯特盆地，相关成果收录于CSIRO报告EP2022-1381（A. Wilkins等，2022）。澳大利亚地质调查局项目主要覆盖大自流盆地（GAB）的补给带，相关成果收录于CSIRO报告EP2022-1715（R. S. Crosbie等，2022）。CSIRO的Interchange项目为其余研究工作提供资助，包括构建统一且新颖的方法论，整合另外两项项目的研究结果（详见下文）。

ACARP项目——CSIRO报告EP2022-1381：本报告呈现了澳大利亚煤炭协会研究计划（ACARP）C33037项目下的研究成果，项目原标题为“量化新南威尔士州与博文盆地煤田地下水系统补给量”。项目启动会上，项目监督方与研究人员决定仅聚焦新南威尔士州煤田，因此本报告仅讨论悉尼、冈尼达及格洛斯特盆地的研究结果。本项目旨在估算降雨入渗型地下水弥散补给速率，补给速率通常以毫米/年为单位，是矿山环境影响评价的核心参数之一。

澳大利亚地质调查局——CSIRO报告EP2022-1715：本报告呈现了澳大利亚地质调查局与CSIRO合作开展的研究成果，该研究旨在计算大自流盆地（GAB）地下水系统的降雨弥散补给量，重点聚焦补给带。

数据溯源：1）研究区域特征：对研究区域的多项特征开展评估，包括：盆地范围、水资源状况、水文地层地表地质、风化层厚度、土壤类型占比（砂、粉砂、黏土）、地形特征（MrVBF、海拔）、平均降雨量、潜在与实际蒸散发、干旱指数、人口密度、植被参数（归一化差分植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）、叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index, LAI）、植被高度）。

其中多数特征被用于将观测钻孔获取的点尺度补给估算结果上推至整个研究区域的格网数据。

2）研究方法：本研究采用的方法与生物区域评估（Russell S. Crosbie等，2018）及地质与生物区域评估项目（Russell S. Crosbie & Rachakonda，2021）相似，共包含三个步骤：a）采用CMB法估算补给量；b）回归克里金与尺度上推；c）评估与不确定性分析。