Data and code for “Vegetation memory dominates annual productivity across hydro-climatic landscapes of the Yellow River Basin: A lag-controlled graph diagnostic”

This dataset contains processed county-year predictors, graph edge lists, benchmark outputs, conventional spatial baseline results, figure-ready data, and scripts supporting the manuscript “Vegetation memory dominates annual productivity across hydro-climatic landscapes of the Yellow River Basin: A lag-controlled graph diagnostic”. The dataset covers 382 county-level units in the Yellow River Basin, China, during 2003–2022. The main graph benchmark uses a 382-county graph with masked valid observations. Supplementary conventional spatial baselines use 381 active counties because one county had no valid NPP observations across 2003–2022. Raw remote-sensing and climate datasets are publicly available from their original providers and are documented in the manuscript and supplementary material.