Plasma-based proteomics analysis of molecular pathways in canine diabetes mellitus after astaxanthin supplementation

The hyperglycemic state in diabetes mellitus (DM) induces oxidative stress and inflammation, thus contributing to diabetic tissue damage and associated complications. Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant carotenoid, has been investigated for its potential in preventing and managing diabetes across various species, but its effect on client-owned dogs is not well-studied. This study explored the impact of astaxanthin supplementation on canine DM using a proteomic approach. A total of 18 client-owned dogs were enrolled: 6 dogs with DM and 12 clinically healthy dogs. The diabetic dogs received their standard treatment regimen alongside daily oral supplementation of 12 mg of astaxanthin (1.5–2.4 mg/kg) for 90 days. Plasma samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study period for proteomic analysis. After astaxanthin supplementation, there were significant alterations in protein expression associated with the complement system, coagulation cascade, JAK-STAT signaling, and protein kinase C signaling, which all contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress. Astaxanthin demonstrated a protective effect against diabetes-associated complications, including insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, nephropathy, and cardiac complications. These findings highlight the potential of astaxanthin as a complementary therapeutic agent for controlling DM in canines.