Intestinal fibroblastic reticular cell niches control innate lymphoid cell homeostasis and function - Innate lymphoid cells

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in the small intestine govern immune homeostasis and protect the host against gut pathogens. While distinct cell-intrinsic signals have been identified that determine ILC development and differentiation, it has remained unclear which cell population regulates ILC sustenance. Using unbiased single cell RNA transcriptomic analysis of intestinal fibroblasts, we have identified a specialized Ccl19-expressing fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) population that underpins solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue (SILT) structures including cryptopatches and isolated lymphoid follicles. Conditional ablation of lymphotoxin-ß receptor (LTßR) signalling in SILT FRC impeded the maturation of isolated lymphoid follicles and blocked ILC maintenance through the downregulation of IL-7, consequently resulting in the elevated susceptibility to bacterial infection. Moreover, specific Ltbr ablation in FRC during adulthood revealed that constant LTßR-dependent FRC-ILC interaction is required to maintain SILT structures and ILC populations. Taken together, our study unveils a critical intestinal FRC niche that secures protective gut immunity.