Additional dataset for "Pump and sway: wild primates use compliant supports as a tool to augment leaping in the canopy"

The arboreal environment is constructed of complex, discontinuous supports. The shortest distances between trees typically lie between compliant terminal branches, making crossing difficult. Despite qualitative observations of wild primates pumping branches before leaping across gaps in the canopy, most studies have suggested that support compliance increases the energetic cost of arboreal leaping. In this study, we recorded wild colobine monkeys crossing gaps in the canopy, and quantitatively digitized the kinematics of both the monkey and the compliant support during behavioral sequences. We provide evidence that adult red colobus (<i>Piliocolobus tephrosceles</i>) use branch compliance to their advantage by actively pumping branches before leaping\, augmenting their vertical velocity at take-off. Additionally, we found that red colobus and black and white colobus monkeys (<i>Colobus guereza</i>) utilize tree swaying to cross large gaps, augmenting horizontal velocity at take-off and decreasing the distance between the launching support and the target. This deliberate branch manipulation to produce a mechanical effect for stronger propulsion fits into the framework of instrumental problem-solving. This is among the first studies of wild primates that show how compliant branches can be used advantageously to augment locomotor performance.

树栖环境由复杂且不连续的支撑结构构成。树木间的最短通行路径通常位于柔性末端树枝之间，这使得跨跃行动颇具难度。尽管已有针对野生灵长类跃过林冠间隙前摆动树枝的定性观察，但多数研究认为支撑结构的柔性会提升树栖跳跃的能量消耗。本研究记录了野生叶猴跨跃林冠间隙的行为，并对行为序列中猴类与柔性支撑结构的运动学特征进行了定量数字化分析。本研究证实，成年红疣猴（*Piliocolobus tephrosceles*）会在起跳前主动摆动树枝以利用柔性树枝的特性，借此提升起跳时的垂直速度。此外，本研究发现红疣猴与黑白疣猴（*Colobus guereza*）会通过晃动树干来跨越大间隙，借此提升起跳时的水平速度，并缩短起跳支撑点与目标支撑点之间的距离。这种为获得更强推进力而刻意操控树枝的行为，契合工具性问题解决的理论框架。本研究亦是首批揭示野生灵长类如何通过利用柔性树枝优势以提升运动表现的研究之一。