Genome-Wide Association Studies Uncover Genetic Diversity and Key Regulators of Dwarfing Traits in Banana

Bananas (Musa spp.) are essential global crops but face significant cultivation challenges, including climate change, pest pressures, and high labor costs. Developing dwarf varieties suited for mechanization could reduce production costs and improve efficiency. This study carried out whole-genome resequencing of 300 Musa accessions to analyze genetic diversity and identify genes influencing plant architecture. Results showed high genetic diversity within the A subgenome, vital for adaptability, and significant gene flow in subgroup F between wild and cultivated varieties, highlighting valuable genetic resources for breeding. MabHLH30 emerged as a key gene associated with plant height, with validation confirming its role in controlling height and leaf morphology, marking it as a primary target for breeding compact, high-yielding bananas. Molecular markers for MabHLH30 were developed, enabling marker-assisted selection (MAS) to enhance breeding efficiency for dwarf traits. These findings advance sustainable, high-yield banana production through comprehensive population studies and provide essential genetic resources and markers for targeted dwarfing banana breeding across diverse environments.