Dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, pH, temperature, salinity, and other variables collected from profile observations using CTD, discrete bottles, and other instruments from October 7, 1977 to March 11, 2006, as synthesized in the CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean (CARINA) Database (NODC Ac

The CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean) data synthesis project is an international collaborative effort of the EU IP CARBOOCEAN, and US partners. It has produced a merged internally consistent data set of open ocean subsurface measurements for biogeochemical investigations, in particular, studies involving the carbon system. The original focus area was the North Atlantic Ocean, but over time the geographic extent expanded and CARINA now includes data from the entire Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean.

Atlantic Ocean Data Synthesis

The Atlantic Ocean subset of the CARINA (CARINA-ATL) data set consists of 98 cruises/entries, of which one of is a time series including many cruises and two others are collections of multiple cruises within the framework of a common project. Additionally, six reference cruises were included in the secondary QC for CARINA-ATL to ensure consistency between CARINA and historical databases, in particular Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP, Key et al., 2004). FiveAtlantic cruises are in common with the Southern Ocean region, and five others are in common with the Arctic Mediterranean Seas region. These overlapping cruises ensure consistency between the three regions of the CARINA data set. The Atlantic Ocean region of CARINA is loosely defined as the area between of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge and 30 °S, but as mentioned, ten cruises overlap with the surrounding regions, thus extending the area covered. Most of the data are from the subpolar North Atlantic, and there are particularly large data gaps in the Tropical and South-Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The CARINA-ATL database covers the time period from 1978 to 2006, with the majority of the data from the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s. Overall, oxygen measurements show the highest incidence, followed by TCO2, Alkalinity and CFC data, although CFC data are particularly abundant for some specific regions.

Arctic Mediterranean Seas Data Synthesis

The Arctic Mediterranean Seas subset of CARINA (CARINA-AMS) includes data from 62 cruises/campaigns in the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas. One of these is a time series and one is a collection of data from multiple cruises to the same area conducted within a year. Five of the CARINA-AMS entries are in common with the CARINA-ATL subset ensuring consistency with the other CARINA subsets and thus GLODAP. While data coverage was quite dense in the Nordic Seas, it was sparse in the Arctic Ocean. This motivated the use of different methods for quality control in these two areas. The Arctic Ocean was defined as the region north of the Fram and Bering Straits, the Arctic Ocean shelf seas, and the Canadian Archipelago. The Nordic Seas was defined as the region enclosed by the Fram Strait to the North, Greenland to the west, the Greenland-Scotland Ridge to the South, and Norway, the Barents Sea Opening, and Spitsbergen to the east. The analyses of the Arctic Ocean data involved extended use of linear and multiple linear regressions and is described by Jutterström et al. (2009), while the analyses of the Nordic Seas data was mostly carried out using the crossover and inversion approach and is described per parameter in Falck and Olsen (2009), Olafsson and Olsen (2009), Olsen (2009), Olsen (2009) and Olsen et al.(2009). The analyses of the AMS CFC data are described by Jeansson et al. (2009).

Southern Ocean Carbon Synthesis

Compared to other regions within the CARINA data set, the Southern Ocean database consists of relatively few data - 37 cruises. Five cruises in the northern part of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean are in common with the CARINA-ATL, thus additionally warranting high internal data quality. The northern boundary of the CARINA Southern Ocean region is roughly at 30°S latitude. Considering all stations in the Southern Ocean CARINA dataset there is a bias towards the north, indicating that data close to the Antarctic continent is still sparse. Besides the new CARINA cruises, 46 cruises from the GLODAP database were incorporated in the analysis as reference cruises. Nutrient and oxygen data have a clearly higher incidence than TCO2 and total alkalinity data. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are also included in the Southern Ocean dataset, but they have not been quality controlled. Not surprisingly, most of the CARINA Southern Ocean data originate from the post-GLODAP era, i.e., from 2000 or later. Region specific quality control is described in three papers, for the Pacific sector by Sabine et al. (2009), the Indian sector by Lo Monaco et al. (2009) and the Atlantic sector by Hoppema et al. (2009).

大西洋二氧化碳（CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean, 简称CARINA）数据合成项目，是由欧盟综合项目（EU IP）CARBOOCEAN与美国合作方共同发起的国际协作计划。该项目已构建一套内部统一的开放海洋次表层测量数据集，用于生物地球化学研究，尤其是碳循环相关研究。项目最初的研究聚焦于北大西洋，但随着时间推移，研究范围逐步拓展，如今CARINA已覆盖整个大西洋、北冰洋及南大洋。

### 大西洋海域数据合成子项目
CARINA的大西洋海域子数据集（CARINA-ATL）包含98个航次/条目，其中1个为包含多个航次的时间序列，另外2个为同一项目框架下多航次的数据集合。此外，为确保CARINA与历史数据库（尤其是全球海洋数据分析项目（Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, 简称GLODAP, Key等, 2004)）的一致性，CARINA-ATL的二级质量控制（Quality Control, 简称QC）环节纳入了6个参考航次。其中5个航次与南大洋区域重合，另有5个航次与北极地中海海域区域重合。这些重叠航次保障了CARINA数据集三个区域间的数据一致性。

CARINA的大西洋海域范围大致定义为格陵兰-苏格兰海岭与南纬30°之间的区域，但如前所述，有10个航次与周边区域重合，因此实际覆盖范围有所拓展。多数数据源自副极地北大西洋海域，热带大西洋及东南大西洋海域存在大面积数据空白。CARINA-ATL数据库的时间跨度为1978年至2006年，其中大部分数据采集于1990年代中期至2000年代中期。整体而言，氧浓度测量数据的占比最高，其次为总二氧化碳（TCO2）、总碱度（Alkalinity）及氯氟烃（CFC）数据，不过部分特定区域的CFC数据尤为丰富。

### 北极地中海海域数据合成子项目
CARINA的北极地中海海域子数据集（CARINA-AMS）包含北冰洋与挪威海的62个航次/调查数据。其中1个为时间序列数据集，另1个为同一年内针对同一区域开展的多个航次的数据集合。CARINA-AMS中有5个条目与CARINA-ATL子集重合，保障了CARINA各子数据集间的一致性，进而与GLODAP数据库保持统一。

挪威海区域的数据覆盖较为密集，但北冰洋区域的数据覆盖相对稀疏，这一差异促使针对这两个区域采用不同的质量控制方法。北冰洋区域被定义为弗拉姆海峡与白令海峡以北的区域，包括北冰洋陆架海域及加拿大北极群岛；挪威海区域则被定义为：北至弗拉姆海峡、西至格陵兰、南至格陵兰-苏格兰海岭、东至挪威、巴伦支海开口及斯瓦尔巴群岛的海域范围。

北冰洋数据的分析方法采用了扩展线性回归与多元线性回归，相关细节由Jutterström等人（2009）阐述；而挪威海数据的分析主要采用交叉验证与反演方法，各参数的分析细节分别由Falck与Olsen（2009）、Olafsson与Olsen（2009）、Olsen（2009）、Olsen（2009）及Olsen等人（2009）进行说明。AMS数据集的CFC数据的分析细节由Jeansson等人（2009）阐述。

### 南大洋碳循环数据合成子项目
相较于CARINA数据集内的其他区域，南大洋数据库的航次数量相对较少，仅包含37个航次。南大西洋扇区北部的5个航次与CARINA-ATL重合，进一步保障了内部数据的高质量。CARINA南大洋区域的北边界大致位于南纬30°。综合CARINA南大洋数据集内的所有观测站来看，数据分布偏向北部区域，说明南极大陆周边的观测数据仍然较为匮乏。

除新增的CARINA航次外，分析过程还纳入了GLODAP数据库中的46个参考航次。营养盐与氧浓度数据的占比明显高于总二氧化碳及总碱度数据。南大洋数据集也纳入了氯氟烃（CFCs）数据，但尚未开展质量控制。不出所料，CARINA南大洋的多数数据源自GLODAP发布之后的时期，即2000年及以后。针对南大洋各扇区的专项质量控制方法分别在三篇论文中阐述：太平洋扇区由Sabine等人（2009）说明，印度洋扇区由Lo Monaco等人（2009）说明，大西洋扇区由Hoppema等人（2009）说明。