Panel Data the Quad 1991-2020

The dataset comprises the Quad (Australia, India, Japan, and the United States) member countries’ military expenditure (ME) and related economic indicators, 1991-2020. lnME is logarithms of the Quad member countries’ ME. lnSpillover1 is the product of the Quad member countries’ ME divided by its own ME. lnSpillover2 is logarithms of the sum of the Quad member countries’ ME minus its own ME. lnGDP is the Quad member countries’ GDP. And lnChineseME is logarithms of Chinese ME. lnME_fd is the first difference value of lnME. lnSpillover1_fd is the first difference value of lnSpillover1. lnSpillover2_fd is the first difference value of lnSpillover2. lnGDP_fd is the first difference value of ln lnGDP. And lnChineseME_fd is the first difference value of lnChineseME. IV_1_1 is the 2 periods lagged lnSpillover1_fd. IV_1_2 is logarithms of the first difference value of the product of the Quad member countries’ GDP divided by its own GDP. IV_2_1 is the 2 periods lagged lnSpillover2_fd. IV_2_2 is logarithms of the first difference value of the sum of the Quad member countries’ GDP minus its own GDP. Data on the Quad member countries’ ME (in current US dollars) from 1991–2020 were obtained from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2022), and data on their GDP (in current US dollars) during the same period were obtained from World Bank (2022). Further, Chinese ME (in current US dollars) from 1991–2020 were obtained from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2022). The data were converted to constant US dollars using the US GDP deflator taken from World Bank (2022). Data source Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2022. “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.” https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex. World Bank. 2022. “World Development Indicators.” https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.

本数据集涵盖1991年至2020年四方安全对话（Quad，成员包括澳大利亚、印度、日本与美国）各成员国的军事开支（Military Expenditure，简称ME）及相关经济指标。其中，lnME为各成员国ME的对数值；lnSpillover1为四方成员国ME的乘积除以该国自身ME的对数值；lnSpillover2为四方成员国ME之和减去该国自身ME的对数值；lnGDP为各成员国的国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product，简称GDP）；lnChineseME为中国ME的对数值。
各变量的一阶差分形式如下：lnME_fd为lnME的一阶差分；lnSpillover1_fd为lnSpillover1的一阶差分；lnSpillover2_fd为lnSpillover2的一阶差分；lnGDP_fd为lnGDP的一阶差分；lnChineseME_fd为lnChineseME的一阶差分。
工具变量（Instrumental Variable，简称IV）设置如下：IV_1_1为滞后2期的lnSpillover1_fd；IV_1_2为四方成员国GDP的乘积除以该国自身GDP的一阶差分的对数值；IV_2_1为滞后2期的lnSpillover2_fd；IV_2_2为四方成员国GDP之和减去该国自身GDP的一阶差分的对数值。
1991年至2020年四方成员国ME（以当前美元计价）数据取自斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所（2022），同期成员国GDP（以当前美元计价）数据取自世界银行（2022）；1991年至2020年中国ME（以当前美元计价）数据同样取自斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所（2022）。所有数据均采用世界银行（2022）发布的美国GDP平减指数转换为不变价美元。
数据来源如下：
斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所. 2022. 《斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所军事开支数据库》. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
世界银行. 2022. 《世界发展指标》. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.