S1 Data -

Objective
Added sugars have been associated with a variety of adverse health consequences, but their relationship with osteoarthritis is unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the association between added sugars and osteoarthritis.
Methods
We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2007 to 2018 to explore the association between added sugars and osteoarthritis.
Results
In our study, 2,746 adults were included. The average age of the chosen participants was 43.77 years, with 52.33% males and 47.67% females. There were 2,152 in the osteoarthritis group and 594 in the non-osteoarthritis group, weighted to represent 11,854,966 participants. In the fully adjusted multivariable model 3, added sugars were found as a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01), with populations in the fourth quartile having a greater prevalence of osteoarthritis (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.81). When added sugars were treated as a continuous variable in subgroup analysis, the results indicated that never consumed alcohol (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04) and no history of diabetes (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04)were more Likely tend to osteoarthritis. When added sugars were treated as a categorical variable in subgroup analysis, the results indicated that compared to the first group, in the fourth quartile population, females (OR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.02), low BMI (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.33), never smoking (OR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.30), never consumed alcohol (OR = 3.31; 95% CI 1.42 to 7.74), no history of hypertension (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.27), and no history of diabetes (OR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.87) were more likely tend to osteoarthritis.
Conclusion
Added sugars are a risk factor for osteoarthritis, especially in females, low BMI, never smoking, never consumed alcohol, no history of hypertension, and no history of diabetes.