Effects of a vegetarian diet combined with exercise on lipid profiles and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis

We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a vegetarian diet (VD) and exercise on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) parameters. A literature search was conducted in electronic databases from build to February 27, 2022. Data were synthesized using random effects model and were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD)/weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Overall, 27 trials with 9,251 participants were included. Pooled results indicated that the combination of a VD and exercise significantly reduced TC (SMD: −0.524; 95% CI: −0.602, −0.446; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), LDL-C (SMD: −0.379; 95% CI: −0.471, −0.287; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), HDL-C (SMD: −0.213; 95% CI: −0.299, −0.126; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), TG (SMD: −0.090; 95% CI: −0.160, −0.020; <i>p</i> = 0.012), SBP (WMD: −7.664 mm Hg; 95% CI: −9.219, −6.109 mm Hg; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and DBP (WMD: −4.347 mm Hg; 95% CI: −5.099, −3.596 mm Hg; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). These parameters were reduced more following a low-fat VD, or a mixed high-frequency exercise, especially under strict supervision. Surprisingly, the decreased HDL-C due to VD was observed to recover with the prolongation of exercise.