黑河生态水文遥感试验：水文气象观测网数据集（四道桥超级站气象要素梯度观测系统-2014）

该数据集包含了2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日黑河水文气象观测网下游四道桥超级站气象要素梯度观测系统数据。站点位于内蒙古额济纳旗达来呼布镇四道桥，下垫面是柽柳。观测点的经纬度是101.1374E, 42.0012N，海拔873m。空气温度、相对湿度、风速传感器分别架设在5m、7m、10m、15m、20m、28m处，共6层，朝向正北；风向传感器架设在15m处，朝向正北；气压计安装在防水箱内；翻斗式雨量计安装在28m处；四分量辐射仪安装在10m处，朝向正南；两个红外温度计安装在10m处，朝向正南，探头朝向是垂直向下；两个光合有效辐射仪安装在10m处，朝向正南，探头垂直向上和向下方向各一个；土壤部分传感器安装在塔体南侧2m处，其中土壤热流板（自校正式）（3块）依次埋设在地下6cm处；平均土壤温度传感器TCAV埋设在地下2cm、4cm处；土壤温度探头埋设在地表0cm和地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处；土壤水分传感器分别埋设在地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处。
观测项目有：风速（WS_5m、WS_7m、WS_10m、WS_15m、WS_20m、WS_28m）(单位：米/秒)、风向（WD_15m）(单位：度)、空气温湿度（Ta_5m、Ta_7m、Ta_10m、Ta_15m、Ta_20m、Ta_28m和RH_5m、RH_7m、RH_10m、RH_15m、RH_20m、RH_28m）(单位：摄氏度、百分比)、气压（Press）(单位：百帕)、降水量（Rain）(单位：毫米)、四分量辐射（DR、UR、DLR_Cor、ULR_Cor、Rn）(单位：瓦/平方米)、地表辐射温度（IRT_1、IRT_2）(单位：摄氏度)、向上和向下光合有效辐射（PAR_U_up、PAR_U_down）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)、平均土壤温度（TCAV）(单位：摄氏度)、土壤热通量（Gs_1、Gs_2、Gs_3）(单位：瓦/平方米)、土壤水分（Ms_2cm、Ms_4cm、Ms_10cm、Ms_20cm、Ms_40cm、Ms_80cm、Ms_120cm、Ms_160cm）(单位：体积含水量，百分比)、土壤温度（Ts_0cm、Ts_2cm、Ts_4cm、Ts_10cm、Ts_20cm、Ts_40cm、Ts_80cm、Ts_120cm、Ts_160cm）(单位：摄氏度)。
观测数据的处理与质量控制：（1）确保每天144个数据（每10min），若出现数据的缺失，则由-6999标示；土壤热通量G2在2014.9.18-11.8之间由于传感器的问题，数据缺失；在2014年5月9日重新埋设土壤水分探头，前后数据不连贯；（2）剔除有重复记录的时刻；（3）删除了明显超出物理意义或超出仪器量程的数据；（4）数据中以红字标示的部分为有疑问的数据；（5）日期和时间的格式统一，并且日期、时间在同一列。如，时间为：2014-9-10 10:30；（6）命名规则为：AWS+站点名称。
水文气象网或站点信息请参考Li et al. (2013)，观测数据处理请参考Liu et al.(2011)。

This dataset contains meteorological element gradient observation system data from the Sidaoqiao Super Station in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Hydrometeorological Observation Network, covering the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
The station is situated in Sidaoqiao, Dalaihubu Town, Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia, with Tamarix as its underlying surface. The geographic coordinates of the observation site are 101.1374°E, 42.0012°N, and the elevation is 873 m.

Air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed sensors were installed at 6 heights: 5 m, 7 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 28 m, all facing due north. The wind direction sensor was installed at 15 m height, facing due north. The barometer was installed inside a waterproof enclosure. The tipping-bucket rain gauge was installed at 28 m height. The four-component radiometer was installed at 10 m height, facing due south. Two infrared thermometers were installed at 10 m height, facing due south, with their probes pointing vertically downward. Two photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors were installed at 10 m height, facing due south, with one probe pointing vertically upward and the other vertically downward.

Soil-related sensors were installed 2 m south of the tower. Among them, 3 self-calibrating soil heat flux plates were buried at 6 cm below the ground surface sequentially. The average soil temperature sensor (TCAV) was buried at 2 cm and 4 cm below the ground surface. Soil temperature probes were installed at 0 cm (surface) and 2 cm, 4 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, and 160 cm below the ground surface. Soil moisture sensors were buried at 2 cm, 4 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, and 160 cm below the ground surface.

Observation items include:
1. Wind speed (WS_5m, WS_7m, WS_10m, WS_15m, WS_20m, WS_28m), unit: m s⁻¹;
2. Wind direction (WD_15m), unit: degree (°);
3. Air temperature and relative humidity (Ta_5m, Ta_7m, Ta_10m, Ta_15m, Ta_20m, Ta_28m; RH_5m, RH_7m, RH_10m, RH_15m, RH_20m, RH_28m), units: degrees Celsius (°C) and percentage (%);
4. Atmospheric pressure (Press), unit: hectopascal (hPa);
5. Precipitation (Rain), unit: millimeter (mm);
6. Four-component radiation (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn), unit: W m⁻²;
7. Surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2), unit: °C;
8. Upward and downward photosynthetically active radiation (PAR_U_up, PAR_U_down), unit: micromole per square meter per second (μmol m⁻² s⁻¹);
9. Average soil temperature (TCAV), unit: °C;
10. Soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3), unit: W m⁻²;
11. Soil moisture (Ms_2cm, Ms_4cm, Ms_10cm, Ms_20cm, Ms_40cm, Ms_80cm, Ms_120cm, Ms_160cm), unit: volumetric water content, percentage (%);
12. Soil temperature (Ts_0cm, Ts_2cm, Ts_4cm, Ts_10cm, Ts_20cm, Ts_40cm, Ts_80cm, Ts_120cm, Ts_160cm), unit: °C.

Data processing and quality control:
1. A total of 144 data points per day (10-minute interval) were ensured. Missing data was marked with -6999. Data of soil heat flux G2 was missing between September 18 and November 8, 2014 due to sensor malfunctions. Soil moisture probes were reinstalled on May 9, 2014, resulting in inconsistent data before and after the reinstallation;
2. Duplicate records at the same timestamp were removed;
3. Data that obviously exceeded physical limits or instrument measurement ranges were deleted;
4. Data marked in red were flagged as questionable;
5. The format of dates and times was unified, with date and time recorded in the same column. For example, the timestamp format is: 2014-09-10 10:30;
6. The naming convention is: AWS + station name.

For information on the hydrometeorological network or the station, please refer to Li et al. (2013); for data processing procedures, please refer to Liu et al. (2011).