ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE:

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Chronic low -grade inflammation contributes to endothelial dysfunction, initiation of atherosclerosis, and progression of plaque formation. Inflammatory cells such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes, along with cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL- 6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), drive vascular injury and plaque instability. C-reactive protein (CRP), particularly high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), has emerged as an important biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment. Inflammation also promotes plaque rupture and thrombosis, leading to acute cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Recent advances highlight the potential of anti-inflammatory therapies in reducing cardiovascular risk beyond traditional lipid-lowering strategies. Understanding the role of inflammation in CVD provides new insights into disease mechanisms and opens avenues for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.