Restrictions of the Federal Constitution on the Exercise of Power in the Federal System

  ABSTRACT   The Federal Constitution is the document of the birth of the federal state. It is the supreme law of the state, which is based on defining the nature of the system, the method of government, and the status of the member states that make up the federal state. It also deals with the three authorities in terms of their formations and the methods of distributing the powers between them and the authorities of the member states that make up them, and how they exercise the specified powers.  It is in the constitution. On the other hand, the Constitution stipulates the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals by placing restrictions and limits on the public authorities it established. In a federal state, the restrictions imposed on the exercise of some constitutional powers are not imposed on one party without the other. There are restrictions imposed on the federal government and member governments together, and other restrictions.  Binding for member states.摘要 联邦宪法是联邦国家诞生的标志性文件，亦是一国的最高法律。其核心在于界定联邦制的制度属性、政府组织模式以及构成联邦的成员国的法律地位；同时规范三大权力分支的组织架构，明确权力在三大权力分支之间、联邦与各成员国权力体系间的分配规则，以及各类法定权力的行使路径。此外，宪法通过对其所设立的公共权力机构施加约束与限制，以保障个人的权利与自由。在联邦制国家中，针对部分宪法权力行使的限制并非仅针对某一方主体：部分限制同时适用于联邦政府与成员国政府，另有部分限制仅对成员国具有约束力。