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Food legumes are key crops for sustainable agriculture, providing nutritional benefits and contributing to climate change mitigation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is central to long-term crop productivity and ecosystem functioning, however, its spatial distribution and controlling mechanisms in food legume-based systems remain unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a large-scale survey of soils under food legume cultivation across China and applied a random forest model combined with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to identify key drivers of SOC.