Nutritional balance and recovery rate of macronutrients by ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different fertilizations

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient export, nutritional balance and macronutrient recovery rate in ‘Gigante cactus pear under different fertilization doses, spacings and configurations during three production cycles. The 72 treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three repetitions, two configurations in the plots (triple and quadruple row), three spacings in the subplots (3.00 x 1.00 x 0.25 m; 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.16 m and 3.00 x 1.00 x 0.125 m); and 12 types of fertilization in the sub-subplots (with organic, organomineral and mineral sources). Exports of nutrients are higher under fertilizers with higher nutrient supplies, regardless of source. The order of export was K > Ca > N > Mg > S > P for mineral fertilization, organic fertilization with 30 Mg ha-1 year-1 and organomineral fertilization with 30 and 60 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus NPK and PK, and it changed to K > Ca > N > Mg > P > S under organic fertilization with 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 and organomineral fertilization with 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus K. The nutrient balance after three production cycles was positive for N, P and S, negative for Ca and Mg in all fertilizations, and positive for K under mineral fertilization with 600 kg ha-1 of K2O and organomineral fertilization with 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha-1 year-1 plus 600 kg ha-1 of K2O. The highest recovery rates of K and the lowest recovery rates of N occur under organic fertilization.摘要 本研究旨在探究三个生产周期内，不同施肥剂量、种植间距与种植配置下，巨型梨果仙人掌（Gigante cactus pear）的养分输出量、养分平衡及大量营养元素（macronutrient）回收率。本试验共设置72个处理，采用随机区组设计（randomized block design），设置三次重复：主小区内设置2种种植配置（三行与四行种植模式，副小区设置3种种植间距（3.00×1.00×0.25 m、3.00×1.00×0.16 m及3.00×1.00×0.125 m），副副小区设置12种施肥方案，涵盖有机肥料（organic fertilizer）、有机无机复混肥料（organomineral fertilizer）及矿质肥料（mineral fertilizer）三类来源。 无论肥料来源类型，养分供给水平更高的肥料对应的养分输出量均更高。针对矿质肥料、施用量为30 公吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹的有机肥，以及施用量为30和60 公吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹且配施氮磷钾复合肥（NPK）与磷钾复合肥（PK）的有机无机复混肥料，养分输出顺序为钾（K）> 钙（Ca）> 氮（N）> 镁（Mg）> 硫（S）> 磷（P）；而当施用60和90 公吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹的有机肥，以及施用量为90 公吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹且配施钾（K）的有机无机复混肥料时，养分输出顺序调整为钾（K）> 钙（Ca）> 氮（N）> 镁（Mg）> 磷（P）> 硫（S）。 三个生产周期结束后的养分平衡情况为：氮（N）、磷（P）与硫（S）呈正平衡，所有施肥处理下钙（Ca）与镁（Mg）均呈负平衡；而当施用含600 kg·ha⁻¹氧化钾（K₂O）的矿质肥料，以及施用量为30、60和90 公吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹且配施600 kg·ha⁻¹氧化钾（K₂O）的有机无机复混肥料时，钾（K）呈正平衡。 有机施肥处理下，钾（K）的回收率最高，而氮（N）的回收率最低。