Evaluation of Economic and Environmental Coupling in Developed Countries’ Construction Industry: A PDA–GCA Integrated Method

The construction industry is a major energy consumer and a significant source of carbon emissions. Although carbon emissions have declined in some developed countries, economic growth still comes at the expense of the environment. This study analyzed panel data from 30 developed countries from 2000 to 2024. Using methods such as coupled degree analysis (CCD), panel data analysis (PDA), and Granger causality analysis (GCA), explored the impact of economic, technological, and energy factors on coupled degrees. The results show that coupled degrees remain high across all countries ( 0.70-0.90). For every 1% increase in GDP per capita, coupled degrees increase by approximately 0.035; for every 1% increase in technology investment rate, coupled degrees increase by 0.045; and for every unit increase in building energy consumption, coupled degrees decrease by 0.008. Furthermore, coupled degrees exhibit a bidirectional causal relationship with GDP per capita and a unidirectional causal relationship with technology investment rate. In theory: this study constructed the GIG-EKC theoretical model, innovatively combining panel data analysis with causal analysis; In practice: this study examined the impact of economic, technological, and energy. Centered on green innovation and digital technology, this study offers guidance for the sustainable development of the construction industry.