Biofumigation with species of the Brassicaceae family: a review

ABSTRACT: Biofumigation involves the release of volatile biocidal compounds in the soil through the incorporation of certain plants and their residues. Species of the Brassicaceae family are the most widely used plants for biofumigation. These plants contain glucosinolates, which produce compounds, such as isothiocyanates, following enzymatic hydrolysis, with scientifically proven fungicidal effects. The most commonly used brassica species belong to the genera Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, and Eruca. In addition to the release of compounds in the soil, complementary mechanisms, such as the supply of organic matter and nutrients, and improvement of the soil structure, also play a role in biofumigation. In the past two decades, several studies on the use of brassica residues in biofumigation have been published, showing promising results in the management of soil pathogens (fungi and oomycetes, nematodes, bacteria, and protozoa), weed seeds, and insects. Usage of new biofumigation compounds has also been validated in recent years, including the development of patented technological products such as liquid formulations and pellets. The objective of this article was to review these new developments, beginning with concepts related to biofumigation, and to discuss the mechanisms of action of compounds involving brassica species and the recommendations on usage. Promising examples of the use of this technique are also presented, further detailing the advances in basic and applied knowledge on the subject.摘要：生物熏蒸（biofumigation）是指通过向土壤中施入特定植物及其残体，进而在土壤中释放挥发性杀生物活性化合物的技术。十字花科（Brassicaceae）植物是当前生物熏蒸应用中最为常用的物料。这类植物富含硫代葡萄糖苷（glucosinolates），该物质经酶水解后可生成异硫氰酸盐（isothiocyanates）等化合物，经科学验证具备明确的杀真菌活性。目前应用最为广泛的芸苔类物种分属芸苔属（Brassica）、萝卜属（Raphanus）、芥属（Sinapis）以及芝麻菜属（Eruca）。除向土壤中释放活性化合物外，有机质与养分供给、土壤结构改良等辅助作用机制，同样在生物熏蒸过程中发挥积极效用。近二十年来，多项围绕芸苔残体在生物熏蒸中应用的研究成果相继发表，其在防治土壤病原菌（涵盖真菌、卵菌、线虫、细菌与原生动物）、杂草种子及昆虫方面均展现出良好的应用前景。近年来，新型生物熏蒸化合物的应用价值也得到验证，相关技术产品开发包括液体制剂、颗粒剂等已获得专利授权。本文旨在梳理该领域的最新进展：首先从生物熏蒸的基础概念切入，探讨芸苔类植物相关活性化合物的作用机制，并给出规范化使用建议；此外本文还展示了该技术的成功应用案例，进一步详述了该领域基础与应用研究的最新进展。