NIST Special Database 302 Nail to Nail (N2N) Fingerprint Challenge
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In September 2017, the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) held a data collection as part of its Nail to Nail (N2N) Fingerprint Challenge. Participating Challengers deployed devices designed to collect an image of the full nail to nail surface area of a fingerprint?equivalent to a rolled fingerprint?from an unacclimated user, without assistance from a trained operator. Traditional operator-assisted live-scan rolled fingerprints were also captured, along with assorted other friction ridge live-scan and latent captures.In this data collection, study participants needed to have their fingerprints captured using traditional operator-assisted techniques in order to quantify the performance of the Challenger devices. IARPA invited members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Biometric Training Team to the data collection to perform this task. Each study participant had N2N fingerprint images captured twice, each by a different FBI expert, resulting in two N2N baseline datasets.To ensure the veracity of recorded N2N finger positions in the baseline datasets, Challenge test staff also captured plain fingerprint impressions in a 4-4-2 slap configuration. This capture method refers to simultaneously imaging the index, middle, ring, and little fingers on the right hand, then repeating the process on the left hand, and finishing with the simultaneous capture of the left and right thumbs. This technique is a best practice to ensure finger sequence order, since it is physically challenging for a study participant to change the ordering of fingers when imaging them simultaneously. There were four baseline (two rolled and two slap), eight challenger and ten auxiliary fingerprint sensors deployed during the data collection, amassing a series of rolled and plain images. It was required that the baseline devices achieve 100% acquisition rate, in order to verify the recorded friction ridge generalized positions (FRGPs) and study participant identifiers for other devices. There were no such requirements for Challenger devices. Not all devices were able to achieve 100% acquisition rate.Plain, rolled, and touch-free impression fingerprints were captured from a multitude of devices, as well as sets of plain palm impressions. NIST also partnered with the FBI and Schwarz Forensic Enterprises (SFE) to design activity scenarios in which subjects would likely leave fingerprints on different objects. The activities and associated objects were chosen in order to use a number of latent print development techniques and simulate the types of objects often found in real law enforcement case work.
2017年9月，美国情报高级研究计划局（Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, IARPA）依托其“甲面到甲面（Nail to Nail, N2N）指纹挑战赛”项目开展了专项数据采集工作。参赛挑战者需部署专用设备，在无需经培训的操作人员（trained operator）协助的情况下，从未经适配的研究参与者处采集覆盖完整指甲-指甲表面区域的指纹图像——该区域等效于捺印指纹（rolled fingerprint）的采集范围。本次采集同时获取了传统经操作人员协助的活体扫描（live-scan）捺印指纹，以及各类其他摩擦脊（friction ridge）活体扫描与潜指纹（latent fingerprint）采集样本。 在本次数据采集活动中，研究参与者需先通过传统经培训操作人员协助的技术采集指纹，以此量化挑战者设备的采集性能。IARPA邀请美国联邦调查局（Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI）生物特征培训团队到场执行该采集任务。每位研究参与者的N2N指纹图像均由两名不同的FBI专家分别采集一次，由此生成两组N2N基准数据集。 为验证基准数据集中记录的N2N手指位置的真实性，挑战赛测试人员还采用4-4-2掌拍采集模式（slap configuration）采集了平面指纹样本。该采集方式具体为：同时成像右手食指、中指、无名指与小指，随后对左手重复该操作，最后同时采集左右拇指。该技术可有效保障手指序列的正确性，因为研究参与者在同时成像时难以调整手指的摆放顺序。本次采集共部署了4台基准设备（2台捺印设备与2台掌拍设备）、8台挑战者设备与10台辅助指纹传感器，累计获取多组捺印与平面指纹图像。基准设备需达到100%的采集成功率，以此验证其他设备所记录的摩擦脊通用位置（Friction Ridge Generalized Positions, FRGPs）与研究参与者标识信息。挑战者设备无此类要求，且并非所有设备均可达到100%采集成功率。 本次采集从多类设备中获取了平面、捺印与无接触式指纹图像，同时还采集了多组平面掌纹样本。美国国家标准与技术研究院（National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST）还与FBI以及施瓦茨法医企业（Schwarz Forensic Enterprises, SFE）合作设计了若干活动场景，使受试者可在不同物体上留下指纹。本次选取的活动与关联物体，旨在适配多种潜指纹显现技术，并模拟真实执法案件中常见的各类涉案物体。
