Data_Sheet_1_Identifying the oral microbiome of adolescents with and without dental fluorosis based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing.docx

Dental fluorosis, resulting from long-term environmental exposure to fluoride, is prevalent among diverse populations worldwide. Severe fluorosis not only compromises the aesthetic appeal of teeth but also impairs their functionality. This study aims to investigate the oral microbiome in dental fluorosis and the health individuals of adolescents living in the endemic fluorosis area of Guizhou, China through full-length 16S rDNA sequencing. Fourty-six individuals meet the sampling criteria, and we divided these samples into the following groups: a healthy group (H = 23) and a dental fluorosis group (F = 23), and two subgroups of Miao ethnicity: a healthy Miao group (Hm = 13) and a dental fluorosis Miao group (Fm = 15). A total of 660,389 high-quality sequences were obtained, and 12,007 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) were identified, revealing significant variations in oral microbiome between Fm and Hm groups. The composition of oral microbiota was similar between the H and F groups. At the genus level, Pseudopropionibacterium and at the species level, Streptococcus oralis_subsp.dentisani_clade_058 were less abundant in group F than in group H (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that the abundance of Capnocytophaga gingivalis and Kingella denitrificans was significantly lower in Fm fluorosis patients than in the Hm group (P < 0.05). Based on the LEfSe analysis, the potential core biomarkers in the oral of Fm fluorosis patients were identified at different taxonomic levels, ranging from phylum to species. These include Gammaproteobacteria, Prevotella sp_HMT_304, Gemella sanguinis, and Gracilibacteria_(GN02). Network analysis revealed that the microbiota in the fluorosis group exhibited more complex interactions with each other than the healthy group. Notably, within the Hm group, the potential biomarkers Capnocytophaga gingivalis and Kingella denitrificans exhibited a positive correlation. Finally, we employed PICRUSt2 analysis to explore the abundance clustering of the top 30 functional units in each sample, and we found that the metabolic pathway compositions of the four groups were similar. In summary, our findings suggest that the microbial composition of plaque in Hm patients with dental fluorosis is significantly altered, and we identified the potential marker microorganisms that contribute to these changes.

长期暴露于氟化物环境所导致的氟斑牙在全球不同人群中普遍存在。严重的氟斑牙不仅损害了牙齿的美观，亦影响了其功能。本研究旨在通过全长的16S rDNA测序，探讨贵州省氟斑牙病区的青少年口腔微生物群及其健康状况。共四十六名个体符合采样标准，我们将这些样本分为以下几组：健康组（H = 23）和氟斑牙组（F = 23），以及苗族族群的两个亚组：健康苗族组（Hm = 13）和氟斑牙苗族组（Fm = 15）。共获得660,389条高质量序列，并鉴定出12,007个扩增子序列变异（ASVs），揭示了Fm和Hm组之间口腔微生物群的显著差异。口腔微生物群的组成在H组和F组之间相似。在属水平上，Pseudopropionibacterium；在种水平上，Streptococcus oralis_subsp.dentisani_clade_058在F组中的丰度低于H组（P < 0.05）。进一步分析显示，Capnocytophaga gingivalis和Kingella denitrificans的丰度在Fm氟斑牙患者中显著低于Hm组（P < 0.05）。基于LEfSe分析，在Fm氟斑牙患者的口腔中，不同分类层级上确定了潜在的生物标志物，范围从门到种。这些包括Gammaproteobacteria、Prevotella sp_HMT_304、Gamella sanguinis和Gracilibacteria_(GN02)。网络分析显示，氟斑牙组中的微生物群之间相互作用更为复杂。值得注意的是，在Hm组内，潜在的生物标志物Capnocytophaga gingivalis和Kingella denitrificans表现出正相关。最终，我们采用PICRUSt2分析探索了每个样本中前30个功能单元的丰度聚类，并发现四组的代谢途径组成相似。总之，我们的研究结果提示，Hm患者氟斑牙的牙菌斑微生物组成发生了显著改变，并确定了可能参与这些变化的潜在标志微生物。