Disposable Polypropylene Face Masks: A Potential Source of Micro/Nanoparticles and Organic Contaminates in Humans

We
have been effectively protected by disposable propylene face
masks during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, they may pose health
risks due to the release of fine particles and chemicals. We measured
micro/nanoparticles and organic chemicals in disposable medical masks,
surgical masks, and (K)N95 respirators. In the breathing-simulation
experiment, no notable differences were found in the total number
of particles among mask types or between breathing intensities. However,
when considering subranges, <2.5 μm particles accounted for
∼90% of the total number of micro/nanoparticles. GC-HRMS-based
suspect screening tentatively revealed 79 (semi)volatile organic compounds
in masks, with 18 being detected in ≥80% of samples and 44
in ≤20% of samples. Three synthetic phenolic antioxidants were
quantified, and AO168 reached a median concentration of 2968 ng/g.
By screening particles collected from bulk mask fabrics, we detected
18 chemicals, including four commonly detected in masks, suggesting
chemical partition between the particles and the fabric fibers and
chemical exposure via particle inhalation. These particles and chemicals
are believed to originate from raw materials, intentionally and nonintentionally
added substances in mask production, and their transformation products.
This study highlights the need to study the long-term health risks
associated with mask wearing and raises concerns over mask quality
control.