Sex-Dependent Calcium Dynamics in Mouse Skeletal Muscle: Responses to Cooling and Caffeine

This study aimed to elucidate sex-dependent and muscle fiber type-specific characteristics of muscle cooling, caffeine stimulation, and their combined effects. We investigated the effects of cooling (30°C to 0°C) and caffeine stimulation (1.25–80 mM) separately and in combination (cooling + 1.25 mM caffeine) in fast-twitch (plantars, PLA) and slow-twitch (soleus, SOL) muscles of male and female C57BL/6J mice.