Data from: Are extraversion and openness indicators of a slow life history strategy?

Theory and data generally concur that a slower Life History Strategy (LHS) is associated with higher Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Emotional Stability. Whether Extraversion and Openness are indicators of a slow LH, or whether they include both fast and slow LH components, remains unresolved. I addressed these questions in two studies: one of university students observed via periodic brief audio recordings during 72 hours of their daily lives, and the second a re-analysis of data from Block and Block’s (2006) longitudinal study. In both studies, I operationalized LHS as the correlation between an individual’s California Q-Sort (CAQ) profile and the slow Life History (SLH) CAQ template created by Sherman et al. (2013) and Dunkel et al. (2015). I calculated Five Factor Model dimension scores using McCrae et al’s (1986) method. In both samples, individuals whose CAQ profile more closely resembled the SLH template were higher in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability than those pursuing a faster LHS. Extraversion was unrelated to LHS, while Openness in the Block and Block data set was actually associated with a faster LHS. Analysis of individual CAQ items revealed some differences between the studies. Generally, Extraversion-loading items tapping excitement-seeking and self-dramatization, and Openness-loading items tapping nonconformity, were associated with a faster LHS. Participants in the audio recording study also completed a HEXACO personality inventory and the Arizona Life History Battery. LHS as measured by the ALHB was uncorrelated with LHS as measured by the CAQ. Controlling for Extraversion yielded a significant positive relationship between the two LHS measures, suggesting that their poor convergent validity resulted from differences in their coverage of Extraversion-related content.现有理论与数据均表明，较慢的生命史策略（Life History Strategy, LHS）与更高水平的尽责性、宜人性及情绪稳定性呈正相关。至于外倾性与开放性是否可作为慢生命史的表征指标，抑或二者同时包含快、慢生命史的成分，目前尚未得到明确解答。本研究通过两项实验对上述问题展开探讨：其一为针对大学生群体的研究，在其72小时日常生活中通过周期性短时音频记录进行观测；其二为对Block与Block（2006）纵向研究数据的再分析。两项研究中，均将个体的加州Q分类法（California Q-Sort, CAQ）轮廓与Sherman等人（2013）及Dunkel等人（2015）构建的慢生命史CAQ模板之间的相关系数，作为生命史策略的操作化定义。本研究采用McCrae等人（1986）提出的方法计算五因素模型（Five Factor Model）维度得分。在两个样本中，CAQ轮廓与慢生命史模板契合度更高的个体，其尽责性、宜人性及情绪稳定性水平均显著高于采用较快生命史策略的个体。外倾性与生命史策略并无关联；而在Block与Block的数据集当中，开放性反而与较快的生命史策略呈正相关。对单个CAQ条目进行的分析则显示两项研究间存在部分差异。总体而言，指向寻求刺激与自我戏剧化的外倾性载荷条目，以及指向非从众性的开放性载荷条目，均与较快的生命史策略相关。参与音频记录研究的被试同时完成了大六人格量表（HEXACO personality inventory）与亚利桑那生命史测验（Arizona Life History Battery, ALHB）。通过ALHB测得的生命史策略得分，与通过CAQ测得的生命史策略得分之间并无相关。控制外倾性变量后，两项生命史策略测量指标间出现了显著的正相关关系，这表明二者收敛效度较低的原因在于其对外倾性相关内容的覆盖范围存在差异。