Allen Institute Openscope - Differential encoding of temporal context and expectation

This dataset was collected for the Predictive Coding project, as part of the Allen Institute for Brain Science's OpenScope project.

The experimental design involved visual stimulation with sequences of 4 natural scene images (ABCD) that are repeated many times, with an occasional rare oddball image in the 4th place in the sequence (ABCX). There are 10 unique oddball images which are each shown 10 times during the recording session. The main sequence (ABCD) is shown thousands of times. In addition to the oddball blocks there are control conditions where the 4 main sequence images and 10 oddball images are shown either entirely randomly, or where pairwise image transitions are maintained, but the overall sequence is shuffled (example pairs: AB, BC, CD, CX, XA, etc).

During this stimulus paradigm, 2-photon calcium imaging was used to record neural activity in three cortical areas (one area per recording session): the primary visual cortex, higher order visual area PM, and the retrosplenial cortex, across multiple cortical depths. During the recordings, mice were free to run on a circular disk and running speed was measured, along with pupil diameter and eye position. In each mouse, two of the three areas were imaged, and the third had a retrograde tracer (rAAV-mRuby2) injected to label inputs to that region. No differences in physiology were identified between retrogradely labeled and non-labeled neurons, thus this information was not included in the primary study of this dataset.

Results are provided in the form of normalized calcium traces (dF/F) for all recorded neurons, along with running speed, pupil measurements, and the timing of all stimulus events.

本数据集为艾伦脑科学研究所（Allen Institute for Brain Science）OpenScope项目下属的预测编码（Predictive Coding）项目所采集。

实验设计采用视觉刺激范式：向受试小鼠呈现由4张自然场景图像构成的序列（ABCD）并重复多次，同时会在序列的第4位偶尔插入罕见的偏差图像（ABCX）。本次实验共包含10种独特的偏差图像，每类图像在记录会话中均呈现10次；标准序列（ABCD）则被重复呈现数千次。除偏差刺激块外，实验还设置了两类对照条件：一是将4张标准序列图像与10张偏差图像完全随机呈现；二是保留图像间的成对转换关系（如AB、BC、CD、CX、XA等）但打乱整体序列结构。

本刺激范式中，研究人员采用双光子钙成像（2-photon calcium imaging）技术，在多个皮层深度下记录了3个皮层区域的神经活动——每个记录会话仅针对一个区域，分别为初级视觉皮层、高级视觉皮层PM以及压后皮层（retrosplenial cortex）。实验过程中，小鼠可在圆形转盘上自由跑动，研究人员同步记录了其跑动速度、瞳孔直径与眼位信息。每只受试小鼠仅对3个皮层区域中的2个进行钙成像，剩余1个区域则注射了逆行示踪剂（rAAV-mRuby2）以标记该区域的输入神经元。后续分析未发现逆行标记神经元与非标记神经元在生理学特征上存在显著差异，因此该信息未纳入本数据集的核心研究分析范畴。

本数据集提供了所有记录神经元的标准化钙信号轨迹（dF/F）、跑动速度、瞳孔测量数据，以及所有刺激事件的时间戳信息。