Bro – Geomorphological Map (GMM)

Geomorphology is the science that deals with studying the forms of the earth’s surface and the processes that play or have played a role in its formation. The Geomorphological Map of the Netherlands 1: 50 000 describes the geomorphological units present in the Netherlands and their origins. This map is used for spatial issues such as climate adaptation, nature management, infrastructure and cultural heritage. Most of the geomorphological map of the Netherlands was developed between 1970 and 1990. By means of highlights maps and extensive fieldwork, two-thirds of the Netherlands have been carved. This way of mapping is called Cartering Old Style. Between 1990 and 2003, the remaining parts of the Netherlands were trimmed. For these mapping, detailed digital height models were available, which allowed geomorphology to be calibrated with more accuracy and detail. Mapping using altitude maps in a GIS environment is called Kartering New Style. In 2003, the landscaping Geomorphological Map of the Netherlands was published. This makes the Netherlands the only country with a landscaping and detailed geomorphological map. The Geomorphological map of the Netherlands is a polygon file in which information on relief, genesis and age is included per plane in the form of a descriptive code consisting of a number, followed by a letter and then a digit.地貌学（Geomorphology）是一门研究地球表面形态，以及参与或曾参与地表形成过程的科学。《荷兰1:5万地貌图》（Geomorphological Map of the Netherlands 1: 50 000）详细记述了荷兰境内的各类地貌单元及其成因机制。该图可应用于气候适应、自然管护、基础设施建设与文化遗产保护等空间规划相关议题。荷兰地貌图的主体编制工作于1970年至1990年间完成。研究团队通过专题重点图件与大规模野外实地踏勘，完成了荷兰境内三分之二国土的地貌填绘，该填绘方式被称为旧式卡特林填绘法（Cartering Old Style）。1990年至2003年间，荷兰剩余区域的地貌填绘工作有序推进。该批次填绘可依托高精度数字高度模型（digital height models）开展，使得地貌特征的校准精度与细节表现力均得到显著提升。在地理信息系统（GIS，Geographic Information System）环境下，依托高程图开展的地貌填绘工作被称为新式卡特林填绘法（Kartering New Style）。2003年，《荷兰景观地貌图》正式发布，荷兰也因此成为全球唯一同时拥有景观级与高精度地貌图的国家。荷兰地貌图以多边形要素文件（polygon file）形式存储，每个地貌单元平面均通过"数字-字母-数字"格式的描述性编码，附带地形起伏、成因及年代等相关属性信息。