Replication Data for: Natural Experiments of the Rally 'Round the Flag Effects Using Worldwide Surveys

The "rally 'round the flag" effect---a short-term boost in a political leader's popularity during an interstate political dispute---was first proposed by Mueller (1970) more than half a century ago. However, there is no scholarly consensus on its empirical validity and the circumstances under which the effect becomes most prominent. In this paper, based on a natural experimental design, we analyze large-scale worldwide surveys of 34,118 responses and causally identify the effects of 46 militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) on the approval ratings of political leaders in 27 countries. We find that MIDs, on average, *decrease* public support for national leaders. However, the public backlash could be *attenuated* depending on theoretically relevant contexts. Our finding implies that political leaders cannot rely on MIDs for public support *increases*, as they are generally penalized for such decisions.