Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of different <i>Pinus</i> species from Kosovo

Chemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of total and fractionated essential oils (EOs) derived from <i>Pinus heldreichii, P. peuce, P. mugo, Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris</i>, along with the volatiles profile (VOCs) of needles of these species were investigated. The EOs and their fractions (direct solid phase extraction, SPE) were analysed by GC-MS, while VOCs of needles were determined by HS-SPME-GC-MS. 112 compounds were identified in EOs and their fractions. The same trend was observed in the needles’ VOCs. The EOs antioxidant activities were lower than those of the corresponding fractions, with F2 the strongest in all cases. EOs and fractions showed different degrees of antibacterial efficacy against different microbial pathogens. The components responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These activities seem to be regulated by reciprocal interactions among the different subclasses of phytochemical species present in the EOs.本研究对采自希腊黑松（*Pinus heldreichii*）、马其顿松（*Pinus peuce*）、矮松（*Pinus mugo*）、欧洲黑松（*Pinus nigra*）以及欧洲赤松（*Pinus sylvestris*）的总精油与分级分离精油（Essential Oils, EOs）的化学组成、抗氧化活性与抗菌活性，以及上述5种松树针叶的挥发性有机化合物（Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs）谱图展开了系统研究。本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用法（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC-MS）对精油及其分级组分（直接固相萃取法，Solid Phase Extraction, SPE）进行成分分析，同时采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法（Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS）测定针叶的挥发性有机成分。在精油及其分级组分中共鉴定出112种化合物，针叶挥发性有机成分谱图亦呈现出一致的变化趋势。总精油的抗氧化活性低于对应分级组分，其中组分F2在所有组别中抗氧化活性最强。精油及其分级组分对不同病原微生物均展现出不同程度的抗菌效能。介导上述抗氧化与抗菌活性的关键成分为氧化型单萜与倍半萜类化合物。上述活性似乎受到精油中不同亚类植物化学物质之间的相互协同调控作用的影响。