A new durophagous phocid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the late Neogene of Peru and considerations on monachine seals phylogeny

Here we describe a new phocid, <i>Hadrokirus martini</i> gen. et sp. nov., from the Pisco Formation, in the locality of Sud-Sacaco (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene of Peru). This taxon is the third true seal described from this locality. It is characterized by strong dentition paired with a powerful masticatory musculature and a peculiar atlas. No precise diet is inferred here, but a propensity for durophagy and predation on large prey (such as the extant leopard seal, <i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>) can be considered. A cladistic analysis including characters from the literature as well as original ones places <i>Hadrokirus</i> among lobodontines in a clade with <i>Piscophoca pacifica</i>, another phocid from the Pisco Formation. In addition, this analysis supports the monophyly of both Phocinae and Monachinae and recognizes a clade consisting of the four extant species of lobodontines, with <i>Acrophoca longirostris</i> (the third phocid from the Pisco Formation) as sister-group of this clade. All clades are supported by unambiguous non-homoplastic synapomorphies. Following the optimization, our analysis recognizes aquatic innovations as phocine reversions at the scale of Carnivora, or as convergences of monachines with non-phocid pinnipeds.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A9884A4D-99C2-4CB0-BEE9-E2D2830481DD