Understanding carbon neutrality perceptions among students and residents of Samtse, Bhutan

Bhutan's unique commitment to carbon neutrality, underpinned by its Gross National Happiness strategy and extensive environmental laws, serves as the backdrop for this study. The research employs a realist ethnographic approach to understand the shared beliefs and practices within this community. Findings revealed a significant awareness and understanding of carbon neutrality, highlighting the crucial role of forests and traditional agricultural practices in mitigating CO2 emissions. Cultural practices, such as reverence for trees and mountains and belief in forest deities, strongly influence environmental stewardship. However, challenges such as inadequate enforcement of regulations and maintenance of planted saplings hinder sustained carbon neutrality.