Univariate results of a repeated measures ANOVA testing for the effects of species identity, plot size, seed number, litter and time on relative (A) and absolute (B) seedling emergence.

The significance of factors in an initial MANOVA (repeated measures approach), analyzing all three counting dates together is given in the first column: MMM = MANOVA pSolidago) was removed because establishment failed completely. Abbreviations: df = degrees of freedom, MS = mean square, p = error probability, Var. (%) = percentage of explained variation. Significant effects are given in bold.