Data from: Correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism and male dimorphism in a clade of neotropical harvestmen

Secondary sexual traits increase male fitness, but may be maladaptive in females, generating intralocus sexual conflict that is ameliorated through sexual dimorphism. Sexual selection on males may also lead some males to avoid expenditure on secondary sexual traits and achieve copulations using alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Secondary sexual traits can increase or decrease fitness in males, depending on which ART they employ, generating intralocus tactical conflict that can be ameliorated through male dimorphism. Due to the evolutionary forces acting against intralocus sexual and tactical conflicts, male dimorphism could coevolve with sexual dimorphism, a hypothesis that we tested by investigating these dimorphisms across 48 harvestman species. Using three independently derived phylogenies we consistently found that the evolution of sexual dimorphism was correlated with that of male dimorphism, and suggest that the major force behind this relationship is the similarity between selection against intralocus sexual conflict and selection against intralocus tactical conflict. We also found that transitions in male dimorphism were more likely in the presence of sexual dimorphism, indicating that if a sexually selected trait arises on an autosome and is expressed in both sexes, its suppression in females probably evolves earlier than its suppression in small males that adopt ARTs.,Measurements of all individualsThis file is an excel workbook where each spreadsheet contains all the measurements for the species used in the study. For some species, the inference about sexual and male dimorphism was based on information in the literature, and these species are not in this data-set. For all other species (45 spp), the data-set contains measurements of: (1) length of the dorsal scute (carapace); (2) length of the lateral apophysis on the coxa of the right fourth leg; and (3) length of the femur of the fourth leg. All measurements are in mm. Some species did not present the coxal apophysis, and therefore there is no data for that structure in their spreadsheet.,第二性征（secondary sexual traits）可提升雄性适合度，但对雌性可能产生适应性不良的影响，由此引发位点内性别冲突（intralocus sexual conflict），而性二态性（sexual dimorphism）可缓解该冲突。对雄性的性选择还可能促使部分雄性放弃第二性征的资源投入，转而借助替代性繁殖策略（Alternative Reproductive Tactics，ARTs）完成交配。根据雄性所采用的替代性繁殖策略的不同，第二性征对雄性适合度的影响可表现为提升或降低，进而引发位点内策略冲突（intralocus tactical conflict），而雄性二态性（male dimorphism）可缓解该冲突。 鉴于针对位点内性别冲突与位点内策略冲突的进化选择压力，雄性二态性或可与性二态性协同进化。我们通过对48种盲蛛（harvestman）的二态性展开研究验证了这一假说。本研究采用三套独立推导的系统发育树（phylogenies），最终一致发现性二态性的进化与雄性二态性的进化显著相关，并推测二者关联的核心驱动因素，是抗位点内性别冲突的选择压力与抗位点内策略冲突的选择压力之间的相似性。本研究同时发现，当存在性二态性时，雄性二态性的演化转变发生概率更高，这表明若某一受性选择的性状位于常染色体（autosome）上且在两性中均有表达，则该性状在雌性中的抑制演化进程，大概率早于在采用ARTs的小型雄性中的抑制进程。 所有个体的测量数据 本文件为Excel工作簿，每张工作表收录了本研究所用物种的全部测量数据。部分物种的性二态性与雄性二态性推断依据公开文献资料，此类物种未纳入本数据集。其余45个物种的数据集包含以下三类测量指标：(1) 背盾板（dorsal scute，即头胸部carapace）长度；(2) 右侧第四足基节侧突长度；(3) 第四足股骨长度。所有测量单位均为毫米。部分物种未发育基节侧突，因此其对应工作表中无该结构的测量数据。