Source data for NCOMMS-25-75000A

Here, we show an optoelectronic LIF neuron based on a MoS2 phototransistor that reproduces key neuronal features, including multispectral sensing, capacitor-less integration, and threshold-triggered spiking. This neuron supports complementary rate and time-to-first-spike coding, enabling versatile visual information processing at the hardware level. Furthermore, we achieve the homogeneous integration of these neurons with MoS2 ferroelectric synapses on a single substrate, unifying volatile optical encoding with non-volatile weight storage.