The Systemic Impact of Helicobacter pylori Infection on the Microbiome of Whole Digestive Tract Based on Mucosal, Gastric Juice and Fecal Specimens

Background: Recent studies have found that in addition to directly impacting the gastric microbiome, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may cause intestinal microbial dysbiosis. However, most existing studies on the influence of H. pylori infection on the intestinal microbiome used fecal specimens with inconsistent conclusions. Few studies have collected mucosal specimens to assess the impact of H. pylori infection on the microbiome of the whole digestive tract.Materials and Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study collected mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon, as well as gastric juice and feces from 120 participants of the H. pylori-infected group (HIG) and 30 of the healthy control group (HCG). 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to analyze the bacterial composition and functional pathways, and metagenomics was adopted to assess the composition of viruses, eukaryotes, and archaea in the feces, as well as the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and virulence factors of bacteria (VF).Results: Compared with the HCG, the alpha and beta diversity of bacteria in the mucosa of the whole digestive tract and the gastric juice of the HIG showed significant changes, with increased microbial dysbiosis index and significantly different compositions at the phylum and genus levels. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the metabolic characteristics of the flora changed in the HIG, with site-specific differences. Fecal specimens demonstrated no significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups. In addition, feces based metagenomic analysis revealed that only eukaryotes had higher diversity in the HIG, whereas viruses and archaea showed no significant changes; the Shannon index of ARG increased; and VF showed no significant change.Conclusions: This study revealed that H. pylori infection significantly influenced the diversity and composition of bacteria in different parts of the digestive tract, the gastric juice, and the metabolic functional pathway. Moreover, feces-based studies on the intestinal microbiome had limitations.