Hematological parameters of a Neotropical wild frog population, with a phylogenetic perspective on blood cell composition in Anura

Hematological parameters can provide key information to an animal health status. However, this information is usually hard to obtain. Here, we described hematological parameters of <i>Leptodactylus podicipinus</i> in the Brazilian Pantanal. We measured red blood cell morphometrics, erythrogram, and leukogram. We also tested for phylogenetic signal in erythrogram and leukogram of 48 frog species from 15 families, testing if body size explains their variation. Lymphocytes were the most abundant leukocytes (&gt;60%) in <i>Leptodactylus podicipinus</i>, followed by neutrophils (~10%). Given that <i>L. podicipinus</i> is an abundant and widely distributed species in central Brazil, knowing its hematological pattern can help stablish a baseline and improve its use as a bioindicator of environmental degradation. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and value contributed more to the phylomorphospace of erythrogram, in which <i>Leptodactylus</i> spp. and <i>Hypsiboas raniceps</i>had lower values of these variables, while <i>Bufotes viridis</i> and <i>Hyla arborea</i> had high values. The phylogenetic signal was spread throughout the dimensions of leukogram phylomorphospace. The variables that most contributed to it were lymphocyte counts, leukocytes and neutrophil counts. We also found a moderate phylogenetic signal for both the erythrogram and leukogram. Accordingly, body size accounted for a low proportion of variation in both the leukogram (4.7%) and erythrogram (0.57%). By combining phylogenetic comparative methods with hematological parameters, our results add a new perspective on the evolution of blood cell physiology in frogs.