MOLECULAR-PHYSIOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF HOMEOSTATIC BUFFER SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM AND STRATEGIES FOR THEIR CLINICAL-PHARMACEUTICAL OPTIMIZATION

This article analyzes the molecular and physiological characteristics of homeostatic buffer systems, which play a crucial role in maintaining acid–base balance in the human body, as well as their clinical and pharmaceutical significance, based on contemporary scientific literature. The roles of the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein (hemoglobin) buffer systems in maintaining homeostasis are discussed from the perspectives of the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation and modern acid–base theories. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, the compensatory responses of the lungs and kidneys, and contemporary pharmacological approaches to the correction of acid–base imbalance are reviewed. The findings of the literature analysis indicate that a comprehensive understanding of homeostatic buffer systems has significant scientific and practical value for improving the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients.