Enterprise Survey 2009 - Tonga

Abstract
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This research is an Indicator Survey conducted in Tonga from April 27 to Sept. 30, 2009, as part of the Enterprise Survey initiative. An Indicator Survey, which is similar to an Enterprise Survey, is implemented for smaller economies where the sampling strategies inherent in an Enterprise Survey are often not applicable due to the limited universe of firms.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

Questionnaire topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, land and permits, taxation, business-government relations, and performance measures.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for Tonga was selected using stratified random sampling. Two levels of stratification were used in this country: industry and establishment size.

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into manufacturing industries, and one services sector.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification did not take place as only the main island of Tongatapu where the capital of Nuku'alofa is located. Tongatapu is also the largest island of Tonga's three island groups and is the home of the majority of the formal business community for the country.

Due to limited data sources available in Tonga on registered businesses, the final sample frame was obtained from a combined dataset obtained from the Tonga National Statistics Office. The list provided by the NSO was limited to including information on the sector and location of enterprises, with no details on the number of employees. Therefore, original sample counts were not able to be stratified by enterprise size. The modified sample frame was used to select the sample of establishments for the full survey. This database contained the following information:
-Name of the firm
-Contact details
-Location
-ISIC code.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 42% (139 out of 333 establishments). Breaking down by industry, the following numbers of establishments were surveyed: Manufacturing - 78, Services - 72.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Services Questionnaire
- Manufacturing Questionnaire
- Screener Questionnaire.

The Services Questionnaire is administered to the establishments in the services sector. The Manufacturing Questionnaire is built upon the Services Questionnaire and adds specific questions relevant to manufacturing.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Tonga Implementation 2009" in "Technical Documents" folder.

摘要
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本研究为2009年4月27日至9月30日在汤加进行的指标调查，作为企业调查倡议的一部分。指标调查类似于企业调查，由于企业总体规模有限，通常不适用于小经济体，因此实施该调查。
调查的目的是收集企业对私营部门现状的反馈，并有助于构建企业数据面板，从而能够随着时间的推移跟踪商业环境的变革，从而允许进行例如改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计显著性的、可在各国之间进行比较的商业环境指标。
问卷主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、土地和许可证、税收、商业政府关系和绩效指标。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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研究的主要抽样单位是机构。机构是企业运营和工业操作或服务提供的物理地点。一个企业可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销机构。在本调查中，机构必须能够做出自己的财务决策，并拥有与公司财务报表分开的独立财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理和对其薪酬的控制。
总体
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企业调查涵盖的总体或总体包括非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑部门（组F）、服务业部门（组G和H）以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义不包括以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已纳入研究总体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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汤加的样本采用分层随机抽样方法选取。在本国使用了两个分层级别：行业和机构规模。
行业分层的设计如下：总体被分为制造业行业和一个服务业部门。
规模分层按照以下标准定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工的数量是以报告的永久全职员工为基础定义的。这似乎是对劳动力的一种适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外不是一种常见的做法。
区域分层没有实施，因为只涉及位于首都努库阿洛法的主岛汤加塔布。汤加塔布也是汤加三个岛群中最大的岛屿，是该国正式商业社区的所在地。
由于汤加可用的注册企业数据来源有限，最终的样本框架是从汤加国家统计局获得的组合数据集中获得的。国家统计局提供的清单仅限于包括企业部门和位置信息，没有关于员工数量的详细信息。因此，原始样本计数无法按企业规模分层。修改后的样本框架用于选择全面调查的机构样本。该数据库包含以下信息：
-公司名称
-联系详情
-位置
-ISIC代码。
由于样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生影响，在计算个别观察值的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。样本调查中非合格单位确认的百分比占总样本机构接触数的42%（139个机构中的333个）。按行业划分，调查的机构数量如下：制造业 - 78，服务业 - 72。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
-服务业问卷
-制造业问卷
-筛选问卷。
服务业问卷适用于服务业机构。制造业问卷建立在服务业问卷的基础上，并添加了与制造业相关的特定问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可证、税收、非正式性、商业政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确定了国家商业环境的特征。剩余的问题评估了调查受访者对公司增长和绩效障碍的看法。
数据清理操作
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数据录入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常是10%、50%和100%）的形式交付给世界银行。这些数据交付被检查逻辑一致性、超出范围的值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访机构进行纠正。
响应率
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有关抽样方法、样本框架、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息，可在“技术文件”文件夹中的“2009年汤加实施描述”中找到。