Device parameter list.

In this study, the optimization of construction machinery scheduling within roadbed construction projects is explored, taking into account both personnel fatigue and sequence-dependent setup times. A sophisticated optimization model has been developed to simulate the optimal operation of machinery, aiming to maximize equipment utilization efficiency while addressing the challenges posed by worker fatigue. An innovative algorithm, the improved hybrid gray wolf and whale algorithm fused with a penalty function for construction machinery optimization (IHWGWO), is introduced, incorporating a penalty function to handle constraints effectively. This algorithm reduces the number of iterations required for optimization and, subsequently, cuts down on energy consumption. Through rigorous analysis and comparison with existing algorithms, the proposed IHWGWO demonstrates a significant reduction in both iteration count and financial expenditure. Simulation outcomes confirm the accuracy and practicality of the model and algorithm, establishing a promising new approach for scheduling in construction engineering.