Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation (intervention) for a COPD smoking patient.

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; QALY, quality adjusted life-years; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: additional cost (positive values) or savings (negative values) per unit of QALY gained.
The average age in the initial cohorts “All Stages combined”, GOLD 1, GOLD 2, GOLD 3 and GOLD 4, was 60, 57, 60.5, 64.6 and 64.6, respectively.
*Cumulative value at the horizon of a patient's remaining lifetime.
†Direct costs accounted for 40% of the total costs shown in the Table.
‡Intervention (i.e. smoking cessation at cohort initiation) values are reported as incremental values compared to no intervention. A positive number denotes an increase of intervention value above no intervention value and a negative number a decrease of intervention value from no intervention value.