Dataset Used in the ARDL Analysis of China's FDI in Brazil's Energy Sector (2005–2024)

This dataset contains the quarterly time-series variables used in the study “China’s FDI in the Energy Sector of Brazil and Economic Growth: ARDL Analysis” between 2005 and 2024. It includes GDP growth computed as the quarterly percentage change in Brazil’s real GDP index (non-seasonally adjusted). FDI denotes inflows from China to Brazil’s energy sector expressed as a percentage of nominal GDP. Gross capital formation (GCF) is measured as the ratio of nominal GCF to nominal GDP. Inflation (INF) is captured by the consumer price index (CPI). Labor (L) refers to the economically active population aged above 15 years, encompassing employed and unemployed persons actively engaged in or seeking productive activity. The data for GDP, gross capital formation, and inflation were obtained from the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Chinese FDI data were sourced from the China Global Investment Tracker (AEI). The exchange rate was collected from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and labor data was obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. All variables were cleaned, harmonized, and transformed to ensure consistency for econometric analysis. This dataset supports reproducibility of the ARDL bounds testing and ECM-based Granger causality results reported in the associated manuscript.