five

bHEXA hydrolyzes GM2A:GM2 to GM2A:GM3

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Beta-hexosaminidase A complex (bHEXA) cleaves the terminal N-acetyl galactosamine from GM2 ganglioside to form GM3 ganglioside (Lemieux et al. 2006). There are three forms of hexosaminidase complexes: hexosaminidase A, B and S. The A form is a tetramer of the subunits alpha (HEXA, beta A) and beta (HEXB, beta B) dimers. The B form is a tetramer of two beta subunit dimers, and the S form a tetramer of two HEXA dimers (O'Dowd et al. 1988). Only form A is active toward GM2 ganglioside (Conzelmann & Sandhoff 1979). GM2 activator (GM2A, GM2AP) acts as an essential cofactor to the reaction by mobilizing GM2 from intralysosomal vehicle (ILV) membranes and binding to bHEXA (Kytzia & Sandhoff, 1985; Yadao et al., 1997; Ravasi et al., 2002; Wendeler et al., 2006). Defects in the two complex subunits or GM2A cause lysosomal storage diseases marked by the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neuronal cells. Defects in the alpha subunits are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 1 (GM2G1) (MIM:272800), also known as Tay-Sachs disease (Nakano et al. 1988). Defects in the beta subunits are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 2 (GM2G2) (MIM:268800), also known as Sandhoff disease (Banerjee et al. 1991). Defects in GM2A function lead to GM2 gangliosidosis AB (MIM:272750), also known as the Tay-Sachs disease AB variant (Schroeder et al., 1991; Wilkening et al., 2000; reviewed by Sandhoff & Sandhoff, 2018).

β-己糖胺酶A复合物(bHEXA)通过切断GM2神经节苷脂的末端N-乙酰半乳糖胺以形成GM3神经节苷脂(Lemieux等人,2006年)。己糖胺酶复合物存在三种形式:己糖胺酶A、B和S。A型是由α(HEXA、βA)和β(HEXB、βB)亚基的二聚体组成的四聚体。B型是由两个β亚基二聚体组成的四聚体,而S型则是由两个HEXA二聚体组成的四聚体(O'Dowd等人,1988年)。仅有A型对GM2神经节苷脂具有活性(Conzelmann & Sandhoff,1979年)。GM2激活剂(GM2A、GM2AP)作为反应的必需辅因子,通过动员GM2从内质网载体(ILV)膜中释放并结合到bHEXA(Kytzia & Sandhoff,1985年;Yadao等人,1997年;Ravasi等人,2002年;Wendeler等人,2006年)。复合物亚基或GM2A的缺陷会导致溶酶体储存病,其特征为神经元细胞中GM2神经节苷脂的积累。α亚基的缺陷是GM2神经节苷脂病1型(GM2G1)(MIM:272800),也称为泰-萨克斯病(Nakano等人,1988年)的病因。β亚基的缺陷是GM2神经节苷脂病2型(GM2G2)(MIM:268800),也称为桑德霍夫病(Banerjee等人,1991年)的病因。GM2A功能缺陷导致GM2神经节苷脂病AB型(MIM:272750),也称为泰-萨克斯病AB型变体(Schroeder等人,1991年;Wilkening等人,2000年;由Sandhoff & Sandhoff,2018年综述)。
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