Table 1 in Adaptation and innovation in darter fish cranial musculature (Etheostomatinae: Percidae): insights from diceCT

Table 1. Muscle groups dissected from each of 29 species of darters, including nomenclature of their major divisions as appropriate and their primary action/function.
MuscleFunctionAdductor mandibulae (malaris, stegalis and rictalis or rictostegalis where applicable)Closing of the oral jaws/adduction of the lower jawAdductor arcus palatiniMedial retraction of the suspensorium (decrease buccal volume)Levator arcus palatiniLateral expansion of the suspensorium (increase buccal volume)Dilatator operculiRotation and abduction of the operculum (increase opercular cavity volume)Adductor operculiRetraction of the operculum (decrease opercular cavity volume)Adductor hyomandibulaeRetraction of the suspensorium (hyomandibula)Levator operculiLateral abduction of the operculum (increase opercular cavity volume)Geniohyoideus/protractor hyoideiAdduction of the hyoid bar (when mouth is closing)SternohyoideusDepression of the hyoid bar (expansion of the buccal cavity). Indirectly depression of the lower jaw (opening of the oral jaws)