Data_Sheet_1_Relationships between the magnitude of representational momentum and the spatial and temporal anticipatory judgments of opponent’s kicks in taekwondo.docx

For successful actions in a fast, dynamic environment such as sports, a quick successful anticipation of a forthcoming environmental state is essential. However, the perceptual mechanisms involved in successful anticipation are not fully understood. This study examined the relationships between the magnitude of representational momentum (RM) as a forward displacement of the memory representation of the final position of a moving object (which implies that observers perceptually “see” a near future forthcoming dynamic environmental state) and the temporal and spatial anticipatory judgments of the opponent’s high or middle kicks in taekwondo. Twenty-seven participants (university taekwondo club members and non-members) observed video clips of taekwondo kicks that vanished at one of 10 frame positions prior to the kick impact and performed three tasks consecutively: anticipatory coincidence timing (CT) with the arrival of kick impact, judgment of the kick type (high and middle kicks) by forced choice, and judgment of the vanishing frame position (measuring RM). Our results showed significant group effects for the number of correct kick-type judgments and the judgment threshold for kick-type choice (kick-typeJT), which was estimated in terms of individual psychometric function curves. A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of RM (estimated at kick-typeJT) and kick-typeJT, but not between the CT errors (estimated at kick-typeJT) and kick-typeJT. This indicates that the magnitude of RM may play an influential role in quick kick-type judgments, but not in coincidence timing while observing an opponent’s kick motion. These findings suggest that subjective anticipatory perception or judgment of the future spatial state is vital to anticipatory actions under severe time constraints.

在诸如体育等快速、动态的环境中，对即将到来的环境状态的迅速成功预测至关重要。然而，涉及成功预测的感知机制尚未得到充分理解。本研究探讨了表征动量（RM）（指移动物体最终位置的内存表示的前移，这暗示观察者感知到了即将到来的动态环境状态）的幅度与跆拳道中对手高踢或中踢的时间与空间预测判断之间的关系。二十七名参与者（大学跆拳道俱乐部成员和非成员）观察了跆拳道踢击视频剪辑，这些视频剪辑在踢击碰撞前的一个帧位置消失，并连续执行了三项任务：预测性巧合时间（CT）与踢击碰撞的到来，通过强制选择判断踢击类型（高踢和中踢），以及判断消失帧位置（衡量RM）。我们的结果表明，正确踢击类型判断的数量和踢击类型选择的判断阈值（踢击类型JT）存在显著的组间效应，该阈值以个体心理测量函数曲线的形式进行估计。在RM的幅度（在踢击类型JT时估计）与踢击类型JT之间存在显著的相关性，但CT错误（在踢击类型JT时估计）与踢击类型JT之间不存在相关性。这表明RM的幅度可能在快速踢击类型判断中发挥重要作用，但在观察对手踢击动作的巧合时间判断中不起作用。这些发现表明，在严峻的时间限制下，对未来的空间状态的直观预测或判断对于预测性动作至关重要。