Clinical characteristics, resting hemodynamics, pulmonary/inspiratory muscle function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing of the three study groups.

Values expressed as mean ± SD or n (%). C, control, DM, diabetes mellitus; DM-CAN, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; CBF, calf blood flow; CVR, calf vascular resistance. HR, heart rate; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; MVV, maximal voluntary ventilation; PImax, maximal inspiratory pressure; Pthmax, inspiratory endurance determined during incremental test; V̇O2peak, peak oxygen uptake; R, respiratory exchange ratio. Analysis: Generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measures.* Pvs. C;† Pvs. DM.Clinical characteristics, resting hemodynamics, pulmonary/inspiratory muscle function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing of the three study groups.