1. Despite the intensive use of immune indices in immunoecology, whether to interpret the results of immune indices in terms of actual immune competence (i.e., ability to control and clear parasite in
There is a wealth of evidence for a lifespan penalty when environmental conditions influence an individual´s growth trajectory such that growth rate is accelerated to attain a target size within a lim
Historically, investigations of how organismal investments in immunity fluctuate in response to environmental and physiological changes have focused on seasonally breeding organisms that confine repro
In general, species with more elaborate, but not more complex, plumage had higher leukocyte counts. λ values were tested against null models (λ = 0, complete phylogenetic independence) or phylogenetic
