Transcriptional Control of Brain Tumour Stem Cells by a Carbohydrate Binding Protein

Brain tumour stem cells (BTSCs) and intratumoural heterogeneity represent major challenges in glioblastoma therapy. Here, we report that the LGALS1 gene, encoding the carbohydrate binding protein, galectin1, is a key regulator of BTSCs and glioblastoma resistance to therapy. Genetic deletion of LGALS1 alters BTSC gene expression profiles and results in downregulation of gene sets associated with mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. Using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches, we establish that inhibition of LGALS1 signalling in BTSCs impairs self-renewal, suppresses tumourigenesis, prolongs lifespan, and improves glioblastoma response to ionizing radiation in preclinical animal models. Mechanistically, we show that LGALS1 is a direct transcriptional target of STAT3 with its expression robustly regulated by the ligand OSM. Importantly, we establish that galectin1 forms a complex with the transcription factor HOXA5 to reprogram BTSC transcriptional landscape. Our data unravel an oncogenic signalling pathway by which galectin1/HOXA5 complex maintains BTSCs and promotes glioblastoma. Identification of LGALS1 target genes in brain tumour stem cell, three LGALS1 KO and three control samples.