A review of standardization, automation, and artificial intelligence in clinical urine collection and processing

Urinalysis is one of the three main routine clinical tests. The primary unsolved challenge in urine testing is the standardized, precise, and efficient collection of samples. Currently, the collection of clinical urine samples is performed manually by patients. This method is cumbersome, time-consuming, and unhygienic. Such samples are prone to contamination and characterized by high variability in quality. It is difficult to standardize this approach to urine collection, resulting in reduced diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, we comprehensively review recent research and developments in urine collection and processing methods. We consider some of the issues related to the standardization and automation of urine collection, and provide insights into future research directions. We anticipate that this work will facilitate the development of urine collection and processing methods for use in medical and health settings.