Examples of predicted Gibbs-Donnan equilibria for different ion solutions separated by a cation exchange membrane vs experimental results.

Shown are exemplary cases of the predicted (calculated) Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium for ideal cation exchange membranes separating different mixtures with monovalent and multivalent cations (n = 2), acting as driving (d) and feed (f) ions, calculated using Eq (45) vs final concentrations of feed ions in the feed compartment obtained in the experimental setup.