GEOS-2
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European GEOS Mission: the Satellites
Geos was designed for geostationary orbit to study the particles, fields and plasmas of the Earth's magnetosphere using seven instruments provided by ten European laboratories. Because of its unique orbit and the sophistication of its payload, Geos was selected as the reference spacecraft for the worldwide 'International Magnetospheric Study'. Unfortunately, Geos-1 was left in a low transfer orbit following launch on 20 April 1977 because of a problem with its US Delta launcher. As a result, the Qualification Model was launched as Geos-2 on 14 July 1978 with an identical payload and successfully reached the planned orbit. In spite of its orbit, Geos-1 made a significant contribution to IMS, and its mission formally ended on 23 June. Geos-2 was highly successful, creating a huge database for magnetospheric studies and plasma research in general.
Science objectives of the European GEOS Mission
- to advance our knowledge of the dynamics of the magnetosphere, in particular to study the response of the near-Earth environnment to varying conditions in interplanetary space (nominal objective reached with GEOS-2),
-to study of the dayside sector of the magnetosphere : the plasma bulge and the plasmapause have been investigated in detail.(GEOS-1).
GEOS comprises the following seven experiments:
S-300
AC-magnetic fields up to 30 kHz
DC/AC electric fields and plasma resonances up to 80 kHz
Mutual and self-impedance
CRPE, Issy-les-Moulineuax, France
Space Science Dept., ESA, ESTAC, Holland
Danish Space Research Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
CRPE, Orléans, France
S-302
Thermal plasma up to 500 eV
Mullard Space Science Lab., Dorking, UK
S-303
Composition (1-140 amu) and energy spectra of ions up to 16 keV
University of Bern, Switzerland
Max-Planck-Institut, Garching, Germany
S-310
Pitch-angle distribution of electrons and protons (0.2-20 keV) energy range
Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Kiruna, Sweden
S-321
Pitch-angle distribution for electrons (20-300 keV) and protons (20 keV-3MeV)
Max-Planck-Institut, Lindau, Germany
S-329
DC electric field
Max-Planck-Institut, Garching, Germany
S-331
DC and ULF magnetif field
CNR, Frascaty, Italy
NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland
欧洲地球静止轨道任务:卫星
地球静止轨道卫星(Geos)旨在地球静止轨道上,通过十家欧洲实验室提供的七种仪器,研究地球磁层的粒子、场和等离子体。由于其独特的轨道和精密的有效载荷,地球静止轨道卫星被选为全球‘国际磁层研究’的参考航天器。遗憾的是,由于美国Delta发射器的问题,地球静止轨道卫星-1在1977年4月20日发射后留在了低转移轨道上。因此,合格模型作为地球静止轨道卫星-2于1978年7月14日发射,携带相同的有效载荷并成功进入预定轨道。尽管轨道条件有限,地球静止轨道卫星-1对国际磁层研究(IMS)仍做出了重大贡献,其任务于1978年6月23日正式结束。地球静止轨道卫星-2取得了巨大成功,为磁层研究和等离子体研究创建了庞大的数据库。
欧洲地球静止轨道任务的科学目标
- 提升我们对磁层动力学知识的理解,特别是研究近地环境对星际空间变化条件的响应(通过地球静止轨道卫星-2达到预期目标),
- 研究磁层白天区域:详细研究了等离子体膨胀和等离子体截止面。(地球静止轨道卫星-1)
地球静止轨道卫星包括以下七个实验:
S-300
- 测量高达30 kHz的AC磁场
- 测量高达80 kHz的DC/AC电场和等离子体共振
- 互感和自感
- CRPE,伊西-莱-穆利纽,法国
- 空间科学部,欧洲航天局,荷兰
- 丹麦空间研究所,林比,丹麦
- CRPE,奥尔良,法国
S-302
- 测量高达500 eV的热等离子体
- 毛拉德空间科学实验室,多金,英国
S-303
- 离子组成(1-140 amu)和高达16 keV的能量谱
- 伯尔尼大学,瑞士
- 马克斯·普朗克研究所,加兴,德国
S-310
- 电子和质子的极角分布(0.2-20 keV能量范围)
- 基鲁纳地球物理观测站,基鲁纳,瑞典
S-321
- 电子的极角分布(20-300 keV)和质子的极角分布(20 keV-3MeV)
- 马克斯·普朗克研究所,林道,德国
S-329
- DC电场
- 马克斯·普朗克研究所,加兴,德国
S-331
- DC和ULF磁场
- 国家研究委员会,弗拉斯卡蒂,意大利
- 美国国家航空航天局/戈达德航天中心,格林贝特,马里兰州
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